I've been though a bunch of troubleshooting with the Futuremark support people and still haven't figured out why the benchmark won't produce a result file. Other versions of 3DMark that use Futuremark SystemInfo work fine and produce valid results.
I've uninstalled 3DMark11, rebooted, deleted any remaining files in the 3DMark11 folders, rebooted, and reinstalled and still have the same issue. I've used the same downloaded installer to install 3DMark11 on another system and it works without any issues.
After multiple days of email exchanges with their support people I'm at the point where getting a spare drive and doing a new OS install may be my next troubleshooting step.